Saturday, January 23, 2010
LOADS of HOMEWORKS!
Any grammar mistakes don't judge me cause i'm not that expert!
xoxo
khairina
Wednesday, January 20, 2010
Tiring School Day!
Cross country is an organized sport that originated from the Crick Run held every year since 1837 at Rugby School in England. In the early 19th century, cross country was practiced in all private schools in England. In 1851, undergraduates at Exeter College, Oxford organized a foot grind. This was an analogy with steeple chasing on horse where a race would be held towards the nearest church steeple, forcing riders to clear rural obstacles such as hedges, fences, and ditches. A two-mile cross country steeplechase formed part of the Oxford University sports (in which many of the modern athletics events were founded) in 1860, but was replaced in 1865 by an event over barriers on a flat field, which became the modern steeplechase in athletics.
In 1868, members of Thames Rowing Club looking for winter exercise (when rowing did not take place then) formedThames Hare and Hounds in Roehampton on the south-west fringes of London and adjoining Wimbledon Common on which cross-country races were staged. They were joined by Peckham Hare and Hounds in 1869 (which becameBlackheath Harriers in 1880), Cheshire Tally Ho Hare and Hounds in 1872, Birchfield Harriers 1877, Cambridge University Hare and Hounds in 1880, and Ranelagh Harriers in 1881. The English Cross Country Union followed in 1883 which introduced the National Championships. Most of these early clubs continue to thrive to this day. The reason for the names associated with hunting is that in many of the early matches, the course was set by paper chasing: a few runners (the hares) would have a start on the bulk of the field (the 'hounds'), and lay a 'scent' by scattering a paper trail behind them which the hounds would follow. Racing would take place between the hares and the hounds and within the hounds themselves. Because of the obvious nuisance this can generate, this form of racing was largely discontinued quite early on. Occasional matches still take place, by Cheshire Tally Ho and the popular Hash House Harriers, for example. However, from an early date steeplechases and championship races also took place over fixed courses, as today.
In 1878, the sport was introduced to the United States by William C. Vosburgh. At first, the sport served mainly as training for summer track and field athletics. Nine years later, cross country running became a formal sport in the United States. Despite the international popularity of cross-country, the sport was dropped from the Olympic Games after 1924 due to it being an inappropriate summer sport. In the 1960s, the International Amateur Athletic Federation, which regulates cross-country running, allowed women to run for the first time.
The sport is still popular in temperate countries, but is relatively unknown in Asia. Japan's love of distance running has manifested itself in a slightly different format, the Ekiden, which began in 1917. Internationally, the IAAF organises theWorld Cross Country Championships. In recent years, courses have tended to change to faster, drier courses than the traditional ones
Each cross-country running course is different in composition. Distances are generally standardized; however, there will be little in common between any two courses other than their length. As such, accurate comparisons cannot be made between performances on different courses or even on the same course on different years as the weather and underfoot conditions can be significantly different. For this reason, records of the fastest times in international competition are not kept
Races are started in masses, sometimes with each team having its own bull pen or box along the start line. Boxes may be big enough to fit the entire team on the starting line. In some meets, there is only enough room for one or two runners from each team on the line. The 3-5 remaining team members (a team demanding of 5-7 runners) follow in a line, and if permitted may flow into other boxes. A gun or horn is then sounded, and runners have a few hundred meters to converge from the wide starting line into the much narrower path that must be followed until the finish. However, races are typically smaller in the common dual races between two schools, so that there is generally enough room for each team on the starting line. In these dual races, instead of starting in boxes, teams may be interspersed along the start line (for instance, the first place would be occupied by Team A's first runner, the next by Team B's, the next by Team A's second runner, etc.)
The runner is responsible for staying within a specified distance of the marked path. Courses may be marked using various methods, such as tape, chalk, ribbons, paint, cones, and flags. When flags or cones are used, the runner must stay to the outside of the marker at each turn; on the other hand, when ribbons or paint lines are used, the runner must follow the line (if parallel lines are used runners must stay between the lines, or if a single line is used they must stay within a certain distance of the line). Oftentimes, volunteers stand on the course and point in the correct direction to go at an intersection.
After the first 200-300 meters, runners typically fall into their "race pace", or a steadier pace that can be maintained for a long period of time. Runners may encounter a series of hills, patches of mud, or obstacles like small creeks to run through. The course may even be enitely flat. Runners are not permitted to come into physical contact with each other (like elbowing, shoving, etc.). This will result in disqualification. Different strategies may be used among runners on different teams. For example, they may try to run as a pack in groups of two or three. This strategy is used to help the slower runners along, and may also intimidate runners on other teams (seeing all the runners on a team together may make the team seem very good). Another strategy is to "surge", or pick up the pace for 200-300 meters every few minutes. this may help runners pass others and score better for their team. This part of the race generally lasts until the runners are about 400 meters from the end, where the finishing stage of the course begins.
The course usually ends at a finish line located at the beginning of a funnel or chute. The chute is a long walkway marked with flags that keeps athletes single-file in order of finishing. Runners usually start sprinting 200 yards before the chute, runners will start passing or cutting other runners off in the chute. To resolve this some runners will spread theirs arms.
Helpers at the finish line assist in making sure the athletes keep moving through the line while staying in order as more runners come through. They settle close finishes and help along any collapsing athletes to make sure that they get their numbers in the right order. The helpers that work the chute also are in charge of giving water to the finishers and helping them if they are having trouble (vomiting, collapsing, trouble breathing, etc.).
There is often a small slip at the bottom of the runners' number (that is pinned to the front of their jersey during the race) which is ripped off and collected, this shows each athlete's information. That slip is used to keep track of finishing positions. An alternative method (common in the UK) is to have four officials in two pairs. In the first pair, one official reads out numbers of finishers and the other records them. In the second pair, one official reads out times for the other to record. At the end of the race the two lists are joined along with information from the entry information. The major disadvantage of this system is that distractions can easily upset the results, particularly when large numbers of runners finish close together.
Another method of timing which is being used somewhat more often, most commonly larger races, is chip timing. Each runner is given a transponder working on a RFID basis before the race to tie to their shoe; when the runner crosses the finish line they step on an electronic pad which records the chip number and is matched to the runner from an already made database. Occasionally there will also be checkpoint mats or mile mats to deliver splits and make sure runners go over the entire course. This is by far the most accurate method, although it is somewhat expensive.
In competitive team cross country events, like those between schools, there is yet another method of recording the finishing orders and times. Each team member has a number that is theirs for the entire season, which they pin onto their shirt before each race. At least two coaches, parents, or other volunteers wait at the finish line. One person records the number of each runner that crosses the finish line, while another uses a stopwatch to get the approximate time. While the times are not as precise as with the chip, it is much more cost-effective and works for the purpose of getting the order in which people finish, which is all that is needed to determine the winning team and highest "scoring" runners. There are of course, schools who do not use this system or have changed it.
When two or more teams of cross country runners compete, a score may be compiled to determine which team is the better. Points are awarded to the individual runners of eligible teams, equal to the position in which they cross the finish line (first place gets 1 point, second place gets 2 points, etc). Teams are considered ineligible to score if they have fewer than the meet's required number of scorers, which is typically five. Only the first five runners in for a team are counted towards that team's score; the points for these runners are summed, and the teams are ranked based on the total, with lowest being best. In the event of a tie, the rules vary depending on the competition; often the team that closes scoring first wins, though in the US NCAA ties are possible. In high school competition, if two teams tie, then the victor is decided by whose sixth runner, the first one whose score does not count, finished first.
The lowest possible score in a five-to-score match is 15 (1+2+3+4+5), achieved by a team's runners finishing in each of the top five positions. If there is a single opposing team then they would have a score of 40 (6+7+8+9+10), which can be considered a "sweep" for the winning team. In some competitions a team's sixth and seventh runner are scored in the overall field and are known as "pushers" or "displacers" as their place can count ahead of other runners. In the above match, if there are two non-scoring runners and they came 6th and 7th overall, the opponent's score would be 50 (8+9+10+11+12). Accordingly, the official score of a forfeited dual meet is 15-50.
some of these are BULL! thats all its a tiring day:) thankss let me know your comment soon!